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Speech Language Services
Speech disorders are defined by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as an impairment in the ability to send, receive, process and comprehend verbal, non-verbal and graphic symbol systems.
IDEA includes speech and language pathology as both a related service and as special education, since these services may be required to assist a child with a disability. Speech and language services are considered part of special education in that they are designed to meet the unique needs of the child at no cost to the parents.
Speech-Language Impairment SLI can be a stand-alone diagnosis or a related service and with a different primary disability.
What do we do?
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Articulation
Articulation is the process of making sounds.
There are three types of errors
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Substitution: tea/key
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Distortions: the Boston /r/
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Omissions: cu/cup
Students with articulation disorders:
- are difficult to understand.
- mispronounce or leave sounds off words.
Most people think of this when they hear “speech therapist.” Certain errors are developmental at young ages (kindergarten) and may self correct. Each case should be looked at to make a decision. Omissions are considered the most severe errors followed by distortions and then substitutions.
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Phonological Processes
Phonological Processes may sound like articulation errors but are a pattern of errors that crosses sounds.
Some common processes:
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Final consonant deletion: cu/cup; pu/put
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Fronting: tea/key, do/go
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Backing: bike/bite, pig/pid
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Cluster reduction: side/slide, samp/stamp
There are many types of phonological errors. With process errors we teach the process not individual sounds.
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Receptive Language
Receptive Language
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The understanding of language.
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takes a long time to process verbal information
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does not understand the meaning of grade appropriate vocabulary
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has a difficult time following spoken directions.
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Expressive Language
Expressive Language
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The production of language.
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Includes grammar, syntax, morphology
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has a hard time expressing ideas
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speaks in very short sentences
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leaves off word endings such as plurals, “ed”
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difficulty time finding words
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uses jumbled or unusual word order
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Pragmatic Language
Pragmatic Language
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Using language to communicate socially.
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Pragmatics involves three major skills:
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using language for different purposes
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changing language according to situation
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following rules for conversation
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Students with pragmatic disorders typically:
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do not show age-appropriate conversational skills
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do not interact with peers in age-appropriate manner
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Difficulty with: greeting, informing, demanding, requesting
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Changing- talking differently to baby-adult, giving background info, speaking differently in classroom that playground
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Following- turn taking, introducing topic, topic maintenance, use of verbal and noberbal, proximity, facial expressions and eye contact
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Fluency
Fluency is the interruption in the flow or rhythm of speech. (Stuttering)
Dysfluent speech may include: hesitations, repetitions or prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases.
In extreme cases the child may be unable to initiate speech, this is referred to as blocking.
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Voice
Voice
Disorders of the larynx resulting in:
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Inappropriate Pitch
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Inappropriate Loudness
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Excessive breathiness
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Excessive nasality
An ENT must conduct an evaluation of the child and provide medical clearance prior to initiating therapy.
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Augmentative/ Alternative Communication (AAC)
Augmentative/ Alternative Communication (AAC)
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Includes all forms of communication (other than oral speech)
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Unaided communication systems
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rely on the user's body to convey messages (gestures, body language, and/or sign language)
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Aided communication systems
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require the use of tools or equipment in addition to the user's body.
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ELIGIBILITY
Speech-language services are available to eligible students to help reduce and/or eliminate speech-language-hearing disabilities. The program is directed at remediation for articulation, voice and fluency disorders, language development, and the refinement of auditory processing skills.
The process to determine eligibility begins with a referral. A classroom teacher can refer a student by completing the Speech Referral Form. Parents can request a speech evaluation by sending a written request to the Special Education Office. A meeting with a speech-language pathologist will take place to discuss the referral concerns and to determine if a formal evaluation is warranted.
To determine eligibility for speech-language services an evaluation must first be completed. If a formal evaluation is recommended, the evaluation must consist of documentation of the educational impact of the speech problem. It will include input from the family, classroom teacher, and standardized speech/language testing.
When a child is identified as eligible for speech/language services, an Individual Education Program (IEP) is prepared. The IEP outlines the frequency and goals of the speech-language program.. Questions related to the program should be directed to the speech pathologist in your child’s building.
SPEECH-LANGUAGE DISMISSAL CRITERIA
A student will no longer receive direct speech and language services if one of the following is determined by the IEP team:
• The disability no longer adversely affects academics, as agreed upon by school personnel.
• The student’s lack of motivation and participation prevents measurable progress toward meeting his/her goals.
• The student’s progress has plateaued, demonstrated by a documented lack of measurable progress despite implementation of a variety of strategies and techniques.
• The student has health issues (i.e., medical, dental, emotional issues) requiring services to be suspended or discontinued.
• The student has met all of his/her goals and objectives.
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ASHA Developmental Norms
ASHA - The American Speech-Language Hearing Association is the national organization for speech-lanugage pathologists and audiologists.
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